Incidence and risk factors for catheter-associated urinary tract infection in 623 intensive care units throughout 37 Asian, African, Eastern European, Latin American, and Middle Eastern nations: A multinational prospective research of INICC.

OBJECTIVE: To identify urinary catheter (UC)-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI) incidence and risk factors. DESIGN: A prospective cohort study. SETTING: The study was conducted across 623 ICUs of 224 hospitals in 114 cities in 37 African, Asian, Eastern European, Latin American, and Middle Eastern countries. PARTICIPANTS: The study included 169,036 patients, hospitalized for 1,166,593 patient days. METHODS: Data collection took place from January 1, 2014, to February 12, 2022. We identified CAUTI rates per 1,000 UC days and UC device utilization (DU) ratios stratified by country, by ICU type, by facility ownership type, by World Bank country classification by income level, and by UC type. To estimate CAUTI risk factors, we analyzed 11 variables using multiple logistic regression. RESULTS: Participant patients acquired 2,010 CAUTIs. The pooled CAUTI rate was 2.83 per 1,000 UC days. The highest CAUTI rate was associated with the use of suprapubic catheters (3.93 CAUTIs per 1,000 UC days); with patients hospitalized in Eastern Europe (14.03) and in Asia (6.28); with patients hospitalized in trauma (7.97), neurologic (6.28), and neurosurgical ICUs (4.95); with patients hospitalized in lower-middle-income countries (3.05); and with patients in public hospitals (5.89).The following variables were independently associated with CAUTI: Age (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.01; P < .0001), female sex (aOR, 1.39; P < .0001), length of stay (LOS) before CAUTI-acquisition (aOR, 1.05; P < .0001), UC DU ratio (aOR, 1.09; P < .0001), public facilities (aOR, 2.24; P < .0001), and neurologic ICUs (aOR, 11.49; P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS: CAUTI rates are higher in patients with suprapubic catheters, in middle-income countries, in public hospitals, in trauma and neurologic ICUs, and in Eastern European and Asian facilities.Based on findings regarding risk factors for CAUTI, focus on reducing LOS and UC utilization is warranted, as well as implementing evidence-based CAUTI-prevention recommendations.

Assessing the impact of a multidimensional approach and an 8-component bundle in reducing incidences of ventilator-associated pneumonia across 35 countries in Latin America, Asia, the Middle East, and Eastern Europe.

BACKGROUND: Ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP) occurring in the intensive care unit (ICU) are common, costly, and potentially lethal. METHODS: We implemented a multidimensional approach and an 8-component bundle in 374 ICUs across 35 low and middle-income countries (LMICs) from Latin-America, Asia, Eastern-Europe, and the Middle-East, to reduce VAP rates in ICUs. The VAP rate per 1000 mechanical ventilator (MV)-days was measured at baseline and during intervention at the 2nd month, 3rd month, 4-15 month, 16-27 month, and 28-39 month periods. RESULTS: 174,987 patients, during 1,201,592 patient-days, used 463,592 MV-days. VAP per 1000 MV-days rates decreased from 28.46 at baseline to 17.58 at the 2nd month (RR = 0.61; 95% CI = 0.58-0.65; P < 0.001); 13.97 at the 3rd month (RR = 0.49; 95% CI = 0.46-0.52; P < 0.001); 14.44 at the 4-15 month (RR = 0.51; 95% CI = 0.48-0.53; P < 0.001); 11.40 at the 16-27 month (RR = 0.41; 95% CI = 0.38-0.42; P < 0.001), and to 9.68 at the 28-39 month (RR = 0.34; 95% CI = 0.32-0.36; P < 0.001). The multilevel Poisson regression model showed a continuous significant decrease in incidence rate ratios, reaching 0.39 (p < 0.0001) during the 28th to 39th months after implementation of the intervention. CONCLUSIONS: This intervention resulted in a significant VAP rate reduction by 66% that was maintained throughout the 39-month period.

Prospective cohort study of incidence and risk factors for catheter-associated urinary tract infections in 145 intensive care units of 9 Latin American countries: INICC findings.

PURPOSE: Identify urinary catheter (UC)-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI) incidence and risk factors (RF) in Latin American Countries. METHODS: From 01/01/2014 to 02/10/2022, we conducted a prospective cohort study in 145 ICUs of 67 hospitals in 35 cities in nine Latin American countries: Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Mexico, Panama, and Peru. To estimate CAUTI incidence, we used the number of UC-days as the denominator, and the number of CAUTIs as numerator. To estimate CAUTI RFs, we analyzed the following 10 variables using multiple logistic regression: gender, age, length of stay (LOS) before CAUTI acquisition, UC-days before CAUTI acquisition, UC-device utilization (DU) ratio, UC-type, hospitalizationtype, ICU type, facility ownership, and time period. RESULTS: 31,631 patients, hospitalized for 214,669 patient-days, acquired 305 CAUTIs. The pooled CAUTI rate per 1000 UC-days was 2.58, for those using suprapubic catheters, it was 2.99, and for those with indwelling catheters, it was 2.21. The following variables were independently associated with CAUTI: age, rising risk 1% yearly (aOR = 1.01; 95% CI 1.01-1.02; p < 0.0001 female gender (aOR = 1.28; 95% CI 1.01-1.61; p = 0.04), LOS before CAUTI acquisition, rising risk 7% daily (aOR = 1.07; 95% CI 1.06-1.08; p < 0.0001, UC/DU ratio (aOR = 1.14; 95% CI 1.08-1.21; p < 0.0001, public facilities (aOR = 2.89; 95% CI 1.75-4.49; p < 0.0001. The periods 2014-2016 and 2017-2019 had significantly higher risks than the period 2020-2022. Suprapubic catheters showed similar risks as indwelling catheters. CONCLUSION: The following CAUTI RFs are unlikely to change: age, gender, hospitalization type, and facility ownership. Based on these findings, it is suggested to focus on reducing LOS, UC/DU ratio, and implementing evidence-based CAUTI prevention recommendations.

Non-Linear Optics at Twist Interfaces in h-BN/SiC Heterostructures.

Understanding the emergent electronic structure in twisted atomically thin layers has led to the exciting field of twistronics. However, practical applications of such systems are challenging since the specific angular correlations between the layers must be precisely controlled and the layers have to be single crystalline with uniform atomic ordering. Here, an alternative, simple, and scalable approach is suggested, where nanocrystallinetwo-dimensional (2D) film on 3D substrates yields twisted-interface-dependent properties. Ultrawide-bandgap hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) thin films are directly grown on high in-plane lattice mismatched wide-bandgap silicon carbide (4H-SiC) substrates to explore the twist-dependent structure-property correlations. Concurrently, nanocrystalline h-BN thin film shows strong non-linear second-harmonic generation and ultra-low cross-plane thermal conductivity at room temperature, which are attributed to the twisted domain edges between van der Waals stacked nanocrystals with random in-plane orientations. First-principles calculations based on time-dependent density functional theory manifest strong even-order optical nonlinearity in twisted h-BN layers. This work unveils that directly deposited 2D nanocrystalline thin film on 3D substrates could provide easily accessible twist-interfaces, therefore enabling a simple and scalable approach to utilize the 2D-twistronics integrated in 3D material devices for next-generation nanotechnology.

Phase Stability of Hexagonal/Cubic Boron Nitride Nanocomposites.

Boron nitride (BN) is an exceptional material, and among its polymorphs, two-dimensional (2D) hexagonal and three-dimensional (3D) cubic BN (h-BN and c-BN) phases are most common. The phase stability regimes of these BN phases are still under debate, and phase transformations of h-BN/c-BN remain a topic of interest. Here, we investigate the phase stability of 2D/3D h-BN/c-BN nanocomposites and show that the coexistence of two phases can lead to strong nonlinear optical properties and low thermal conductivity at room temperature. Furthermore, spark-plasma sintering of the nanocomposite shows complete phase transformation to 2D h-BN with improved crystalline quality, where 3D c-BN possibly governs the nucleation and growth kinetics. Our demonstration might be insightful in phase engineering of BN polymorph-based nanocomposites with desirable properties for optoelectronics and thermal energy management applications.

Efecto de la cobertura vegetal en escarabajos coprófagos (Coleoptera: Scarabaeinae) y sus funciones ecológicas en un bosque andino de Colombia / Effect of vegetation cover on dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeinae) and their ecological functions in an Andean forest of Colombia

Resumen Introducción: Los escarabajos coprófagos cumplen funciones importantes en los ecosistemas terrestres, pero las presiones antrópicas los afectan negativamente. Estos efectos están bien documentados en los bosques neotropicales de tierras bajas, pero se han estudiado poco en los bosques andinos. Objetivo: Evaluar cómo los atributos de los ensambles de escarabajos coprófagos y tres de sus funciones ecológicas difieren en tres tipos de cobertura vegetal, y determinar las relaciones entre atributos y funciones, y entre funciones. Métodos: Los escarabajos coprófagos se capturaron con trampas pitfall y se midieron las funciones ecológicas a través de un experimento de campo en la hacienda "El Ocaso" (Colombia), en tres tipos de cobertura vegetal: bosque secundario, bosque mixto y pastos para ganado (tres sitios independientes por cobertura). Los atributos del ensamble que se evaluaron fueron: abundancia, número de especies, biomasa y longitud corporal media ponderada; las funciones medidas fueron: remoción de estiércol, excavación del suelo y dispersión secundaria de semillas. Resultados: Se encontró que tanto los atributos del ensamble como las funciones ecológicas se vieron afectados negativamente en las coberturas vegetales más alteradas, particularmente en los pastos ganaderos. La mayoría de los atributos de ensamblaje se correlacionaron positivamente con las funciones; la excavación del suelo y la dispersión secundaria de semillas tuvieron una fuerte correlación positiva con la remoción de estiércol. Conclusiones: Los ensambles de escarabajos coprófagos juegan importantes funciones ecológicas y son sensibles a las alteraciones del ecosistema. Este estudio muestra cómo los escarabajos coprófagos y sus funciones se ven afectados negativamente cuando el bosque se transforma en pastizales para ganado en los ecosistemas forestales andinos poco estudiados y altamente fragmentados.

Abstract Introduction: Dung beetles perform important functions in terrestrial ecosystems, but anthropic pressures affect them negatively. These effects are well documented in neotropical lowland forests but have been studied little in Andean forests. Objective: To evaluate how the attributes of the dung beetle assemblages and three of their ecological functions differ in three types of vegetation cover, and to determine the relationships between attributes and functions, and among functions. Methods: Dung beetles were captured with pitfall traps, and ecological functions were measured through a field experiment in the farm "El Ocaso" (Colombia), in three types of vegetation cover: secondary forest, mixed forest and cattle pasture (three independent sites per cover). The assemblage attributes that were evaluated were abundance, number of species, biomass, and weighted mean body length; functions measured were dung removal, soil excavation, and secondary seed dispersal. Results: It was found that both the assemblage attributes and the ecological functions were negatively affected in the more disturbed vegetation covers, particularly in cattle pastures. Most of the assemblage attributes correlated positively with functions; soil excavation and secondary seed dispersal had a strong positive correlation with dung removal. Conclusions: Dung beetle assemblages play important ecological functions and they are sensitive to ecosystem disturbances. This study shows how dung beetles and their functions are affected negatively when forest is transformed to cattle pasture in the understudied and highly fragmented Andean forest ecosystems.

Endoscopic submucosal dissection of gastric plexiform fibromyxoma, an alternative to the traditional approach.

We report the case of a 62-year-old woman with no history of interest who presented with dyspepsia of 2 years' standing. Gastroscopy revealed a subepithelial lesion at the greater antral curvature with irregular surface and preserved mucosal and vascular pattern, 15 mm in diameter. Because of clinical persistence a radial endoscopic ultrasonogram (EUS) was performed, which showed a well-delimited hypoechoic lesion with heterogeneous areas that was dependent on the muscularis mucosae layer. A biopsy was obtained using the "bite-on-bite" technique, which provided no pathological findings. With these findings an endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) procedure was performed with wide margins and no complications. Pathology found low-grade mesenchymal fusicellular proliferation dependent on the muscularis mucosae with immunohistochemistry positive for smooth-muscle vimentin and actin, consistent with plexiform fibromyxoma.

[Endometrioide-type cervical adenomyoma]. / Adenomioma cervical de tipo endometrioide.

Adenomyoma of the cervix is a rare, benign lesion. It is a localized form of adenomyosis, which is surrounded by a benign muscle proliferation forming a tumor similar to leiomyoma. Of the three histological variants of adenomyomas, the most frequent is the endocervical type. We present a case of a 34-year-old woman with a tumor in the lower uterine segment which enlarged during pregnancy, replacing the entire cervix and resulting in the occlusion of the endocervical canal. Ultrasound and tomography showed a mixed tumor pushing aside the uterus and bladder. Speculoscopy revealed that the tumor protruded towards the vaginal canal. Histopathological established the diagnosis of a cervical adenomyoma of the endometrioid type.

Myeloablative Conditioning Regimen in Haploidentical Stem Cell Transplantation With Posttransplant Cyclophosphamide in Children With High-risk Hematologic Malignancies.

Limited information is available on outcomes of haploidentical stem cell transplantation (haploSCT) with posttransplant cyclophosphamide using myeloablative conditioning regimens in children and adolescents. We report the results of a single-institution retrospective study of myeloablative haploSCT in 36 children and adolescents (median age, 8 y; range, 9 mo to 22 y) with high-risk hematologic malignancies. Donor engraftment occurred in 31 of 33 evaluable patients (94%). Recovery of neutrophils and platelets occurred at a median of 15 and 20 days. Cumulative incidence of acute graft-versus-host-disease (GVHD) grades II to IV and grades III to IV at 100 days was 36±8.7% and 10±5.4% and of chronic GVHD at 1 year was 55±9.2%, with 31±8.6% moderate to severe. Nonrelapse mortality was 16±6.1% and 22±6.9% at 100 days and 1 year. The cumulative incidence of relapse at 4 years was 32±8.8%. With a median follow-up of 57 months (range, 8 to 89 mo), the overall survival and event-free survival at 4 years was 55.6±8.7% and 44.8±8.5%. Myeloablative conditioning T-replete haploSCT with posttransplant cyclophosphamide is a viable alternative to matched unrelated transplantation for children and adolescents with high-risk hematologic malignancies. The high rates of nonrelapse mortality and chronic GVHD is a concern and deserves careful consideration.

Adenomioma cervical de tipo endometrioide / Endometrioide-type cervical adenomyoma

El adenomioma constituye una patología benigna, poco frecuente a nivel del cérvix. Se define como una forma localizada de adenomiosis que se encuentra rodeada de una proliferación muscular benigna conformando una tumoración similar al leiomioma. De las tres variantes histológicas que se describen en el cérvix, la que se observa con mayor frecuencia es la de tipo endocervical. Presentamos el caso de una mujer de 34años con una tumoración en segmento uterino inferior que creció durante la gestación reemplazando todo el cérvix hasta ocluir el canal endocervical. La ecografía y la tomografía mostraron un tumor mixto que lateralizaba el útero y la vejiga. En la especuloscopia se observó que la tumoración protruía hacia el canal vaginal. La evaluación histopatológica permitió establecer el diagnóstico de un adenomioma de tipo endometrioide localizado en el cérvix.(AU)

Adenomyoma of the cervix is a rare, benign lesion. It is a localized form of adenomyosis, which is surrounded by a benign muscle proliferation forming a tumor similar to leiomyoma. Of the three histological variants of adenomyomas, the most frequent is the endocervical type. We present a case of a 34-year-old woman with a tumor in the lower uterine segment which enlarged during pregnancy, replacing the entire cervix and resulting in the occlusion of the endocervical canal. Ultrasound and tomography showed a mixed tumor pushing aside the uterus and bladder. Speculoscopy revealed that the tumor protruded towards the vaginal canal. Histopathological established the diagnosis of a cervical adenomyoma of the endometrioid type.(AU)

Producción de plásticos biodegradables a partir de bacterias de hábitats salinos aisladas de la Laguna de Ayarza / Production of biodegradable plastics from saline habitats bacteria isolated from Laguna de Ayarza

La contaminación por plásticos petroquímicos es una grave amenaza para el medio ambiente que requiere im-plementar alternativas como los bioplásticos para lograr un desarrollo sostenible. Los polihidroxialcanoatos (PHA) son polímeros utilizados para la producción de plásticos biodegradables y que han llamado la atención como sustitutos de los plásticos de base fósil. Sin embargo, el costo de producción de los PHA constituye una barrera para su producción industrial a gran escala. Las de bacterias de hábitats salinos son microorganismos prometedores para la síntesis de PHA debido a sus características tales como altos requisitos de salinidad que previenen la contaminación microbiana, la alta presión osmótica intracelular que permite una fácil lisis celular para purificar los PHA y la capacidad para usar un amplio espectro de sustratos. La presente investigación planteó determinar las cepas nativas de bacterias halófilas y halotolerantes de la Laguna de Ayarza capaces de producir PHA, establecer la capacidad que tienen de utilizar residuos agrícolas para la producción de PHA y determinar su eficiencia. Esto se logró a través de la inoculación de las cepas productoras de PHA en medios de fermentación con pulpa de café, cáscaras de plátanos y salvado de trigo lo que permitió determinar las cepas más eficientes. Se encontró que las bacterias productoras de PHA pertenecen a las especies: Alcaligenes faecalis, Bacillus idriensis, Bacillus megaterium, Exiguobacterium acetylicum, E. aurantiacum, Pseudomonas cuatrocienegasensis y Sta-phylococcus capitis y que las cepas AP21-14, AP21-10 y AP21-03 mostraron los mejores resultados que podrían ser prometedores para la producción a nivel industrial.

Pollution by petrochemical plastics is a serious threat to the environment that requires the implementation of al-ternatives such as bioplastics to achieve sustainable development. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are polymers used for the production of biodegradable plastics and have drawn attention as substitutes for fossil-based plastics. However, the cost of producing PHAs constitutes a barrier to their large-scale industrial production. Bacteria from saline environments bacteria are promising microorganisms for PHA synthesis due to their characteristics such as high salinity requirements that prevent microbial contamination, high intracellular osmotic pressure that allows easy cell lysis to purify PHAs, and the ability to use a broad spectrum of substrates. This research project aimed to determine the native strains of halophilic and halotolerant bacteria from Laguna de Ayarza capable of producing PHA, establish their ability to use agricultural residues for the production of PHA, and determine their efficiency. This was achieved through the inoculation of the PHA-producing strains in fermentation media with coffee pulp, banana peels and wheat bran, which allowed determining the most efficient strains. It was found that the PHA-producing bacteria belong to the species: Alcaligenes faecalis, Bacillus idriensis, Bacillus mega-terium, Exiguobacterium acetylicum, E. aurantiacum, Pseudomonas cuatrocienegasensis and Staphylococcus capitis and that the strains AP21-14, AP21-10 and AP21-03 showed the best results that could be promising for production at an industrial level.

Epidemiología del cáncer en niños y adolescentes en Uruguay: 2008-2012. Un estudio de registro poblacional / Epidemiology of cancer in children and adolescents in Uruguay: 2008-2012. A population-based registry study / Epidemiologia do câncer em crianças e adolescentes do Uruguai: 2008-2012. Um estudo de registro de base populacional

Resumen: Objetivo: describir la incidencia y supervivencia en niños y adolescentes con cáncer en Uruguay y analizar su evolución mediante la comparación de los períodos 1992-1994 y 2008-2012. Material y método: estudio observacional y descriptivo. Se incluyeron todos los pacientes entre 0 y 14 años diagnosticados de cáncer en todo el territorio uruguayo en el período 2008-2012. Fuente de datos: Registros del Servicio de Hematología y Oncología Pediátrica del Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell. Los diagnósticos fueron agrupados de acuerdo con la International Classification of Childhood Cancer, Third Edition. La información del tamaño de la población y de su distribución según la edad fue obtenida de registros de censos nacionales y de organismos internacionales. Se determinó incidencia y supervivencia. Se estableció el seguimiento de los sobrevivientes por un mínimo de seis años para asegurar una estimación precisa de la sobrevida. Resultados: se incluyeron 504 pacientes entre 0 y 14 años. La tasa de incidencia para todos los cánceres fue de 134,6 casos por millón por año, 147,6 y 120,7 para varones y niñas, respectivamente. La mayor incidencia fue observada para leucemias (grupo I) (40,6), tumores del sistema nervioso central (grupo III) (28,0) y linfomas (grupo II) (17,6). La tasa de sobrevida a cinco años mejoró significativamente para todos los cánceres de 54,7% (1992-1994) a 70,6% (2008-2012) (varones 49,2% a 69,6%; niñas 58,9% a 72,3%). Conclusiones: este estudio aporta información confiable de la incidencia y sobrevida del cáncer en Uruguay en pacientes menores de 15 años. Los resultados hallados demuestran cambios en la distribución de la población de Uruguay, una tasa de incidencia de cáncer estable en el grupo etario analizado y un progreso significativo en la supervivencia comparado con el estudio realizado hace 20 años, pero confirman que Uruguay tiene desafíos por delante para alcanzar tasas de cura del cáncer similares a los países de Europa Occidental y América del Norte.

Summary: Objectives: describe the incidence and survival of children and adolescents with cancer in Uruguay and analyze their evolution by comparing the periods 1992-1994 and 2008-2012. Materials and methods: descriptive and observational study. We included all patients between 0 and 14 years of age diagnosed with cancer in Uruguay during 2008-2012. Data source: Pereira Rossell Children's Hospital Records of the Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Department. The diagnoses were grouped according to the Third Edition of the Childhood Cancer's International Classification. Data regarding population size and distribution by age was obtained from national census records and from international organizations. We determined incidence and survival. Follow-up of survivors was established for a minimum of 6 years to ensure an accurate estimate of survival. Results: we included five hundred and four (504) patients between 0 and 14 years of age. The incidence rate for all cancers was 134.6 cases per million per year, 147.6 and 120.7 for boys and girls, respectively. The highest incidence was leukemia (group I) (40.6), tumors of the central nervous system (group III) (28.0) and lymphomas (group II) (17.6). The 5-year survival rate improved significantly for all cancers from 54.7% (1992-1994) to 70.6% (2008-2012) (males 49.2% to 69.6%; girls 58.9% to 72.3%). Conclusions: this study provides reliable information on the incidence and survival of cancer in Uruguay in patients under 15 years of age. The results found demonstrate changes in the distribution of the population of Uruguay, a stable cancer incidence rate in the age group analyzed and significant progress in survival compared to the study carried out 20 years ago, but confirm that Uruguay has challenges ahead in order to achieve cancer cure rates similar to those of Western European and North American countries.

Resumo: Objetivos: descrever a incidência e sobrevida em crianças e adolescentes com câncer no Uruguai e analisar sua evolução comparando os períodos 1992-1994 e 2008-2012. Materiais e métodos: estudo observacional e descritivo. Incluíram-se todos os pacientes de 0 a 14 anos de idade com diagnóstico de câncer em Uruguai no período 2008-2012. Fonte de dados: Prontuários do Serviço de Hematologia e Oncologia Pediátrica do Centro Hospitalar Pereira Rossell. Os diagnósticos foram agrupados de acordo com a Classificação Internacional de Câncer Infantil, Terceira Edição. As informações sobre o tamanho da população e sua distribuição por faixa etária foram obtidas nos registros censitários nacionais e em organismos internacionais. Determinaram-se a incidência e sobrevivência. Os sobreviventes foram acompanhados por um período mínimo de 6 anos para garantir uma estimativa precisa de sobrevida. Resultados: incluíram-se 504 pacientes entre 0 e 14 anos de idade. A taxa de incidência para todos os cânceres foi de 134,6 casos por milhão por ano, 147,6 e 120,7 para meninos e meninas, respectivamente. A maior incidência observou-se para leucemias (grupo I) (40,6), tumores do sistema nervoso central (grupo III) (28,0) e linfomas (grupo II) (17,6). A taxa de sobrevida em 5 anos melhorou significativamente para todos os cânceres de 54,7% (1992-1994) para 70,6% (2008-2012) (homens 49,2% a 69,6%; meninas 58,9% a 72,3%). Conclusões: este estudo fornece informação confiável sobre a incidência e sobrevida do câncer no Uruguai em pacientes com menos de 15 anos de idade. Os resultados encontrados mostram mudanças na distribuição da população uruguaia, taxa de incidência de câncer estável na faixa etária analisada e avanço significativo na sobrevida em relação ao estudo realizado há 20 anos, mas confirmam que o Uruguai tem desafios pela frente para atingir taxas de cura do câncer semelhantes aos países da Europa Ocidental e da América do Norte.

Topical Ganciclovir Reduces Viral Excretion in Mares With Equine Coital Exanthema.

Equid alphaherpesvirus 3 (EHV-3) is the etiological agent of equine coital exanthema (ECE). Because no vaccines or antiviral therapies are available, prevention consists of clinical examination of mares and stallions before mating or semen collection and resting from breeding activities when lesions are present. However, this methodology does not identify subclinically infected animals. Ganciclovir is the most potent compound known to reduce EHV-3 replication. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of topical ganciclovir application to reduce EHV-3 replication in experimentally infected mares. A pilot study, after a double-blind completely randomized design, was carried out. Twenty mares were randomly divided into five groups (three treated with ganciclovir with different regimen of doses, one treated with a placebo, and one nontreated). Mares were experimentally infected with EHV-3 on day 0. Rectal temperature, clinical signs, and lesions were recorded. Daily perineal and vaginal swabs were evaluated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction for virus detection. The antibody response was assessed by a virus neutralization test in serum samples collected weekly. Mares experimentally infected with EHV-3 and treated with ganciclovir twice a day for 13 days showed reduced levels and duration of viral excretion and less severe lesions. The viral excretion period was reduced from 18 to nine days compared with the untreated groups. We concluded that ganciclovir had an antiviral effect on EHV-3 replication when topically administered in mares showing clinical signs of ECE. Further trials should be performed to optimize the dose of the antiviral for a definitive formulation.

Treatment of Childhood Acute Myeloid Leukemia in Uruguay: Results of 2 Consecutive Protocols Over 20 Years.

We evaluated the outcome of 71 children with de novo acute myeloid leukemia enrolled in 2 consecutive protocols in the main pediatric hospital in Uruguay. In the LAM97 protocol (n=34), patients received, as consolidation, autologous or allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), depending on the availability or not of a matched sibling donor. In the LAM08 protocol (n=37), patients were stratified into risk groups, autologous HSCT was abandoned, and allogeneic HSCT was limited to intermediate-risk patients with matched sibling donor and to all patients who fulfilled the high-risk criteria. Complete remission was achieved in 91% and 92% of patients in LAM97 and LAM08, respectively. Deaths in complete remission were 9.6% and 17.6%, respectively. The incidence of relapse was significantly higher in LAM97, 35.4%, versus 12.5% in LAM08. The 5-year event-free survival and overall survival were 50.0% and 55.9% in LAM97 and 59.9% and 64.8% in LAM08. The 5-year overall survival rates in each of the risk groups were 85.7% and 100% for low risk, 50.0% and 61.2% for intermediate risk, and 42.9% and 50.0% for high risk in LAM97 and LAM08 protocols, respectively. Survival has improved over the last 2 decades, and results are comparable to those published in Europe and North America.

Osteopetrosis infantil maligna / Malignant Infantile osteopetrosis

INTRODUCCIÓN: Osteopetrosis Infantil Maligna (OIM) es un grave e inusual desorden genético debi do a una actividad osteoclástica anormal. OBJETIVO: Reportar lactante en quien se documentó una Osteopetrosis Infantil Maligna, revisando aspectos diagnósticos y terapéuticos más relevantes. CASO CLÍNICO: Reportamos un lactante de 10 meses de sexo masculino en quien se confirmó OIM tras presentar plaquetopenia y visceromegalias. En su historial destacó ser primer hijo de padres no consanguíneos, y entre sus hallazgos presentó hepatoesplenomegalia, plaquetopenia y anemia graves, compromiso sensorial visual y auditivo e infecciones a repetición. El diagnóstico fue confirmado mediante estudio genético, el cual identificó 2 mutaciones heterocigotas en el gen TCIRG1. Se rea lizó trasplante de precursores hematopoyéticos, sin haber presentado recuperación hematológica, falleciendo por enfermedad veno oclusiva. DISCUSIÓN: La OIM es una enfermedad inusual, grave y de inicio temprano, siendo necesario un elevado índice de sospecha ante hepatoesplenomegalia y falla medular. El diagnóstico temprano y el trasplante de precursores hematopoyéticos son las únicas intervenciones potencialmente curativas de esta entidad letal.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Malignant Infantile Osteopetrosis (MIOP) is a rare and severe genetic disorder due to abnormal osteoclast activity. OBJECTIVE: To report an infant who presented Malignant Infantile Osteopetrosis, reviewing the most relevant diagnostic and therapeutic aspects. CLINICAL CASE: A ten- month-old male infant with diagnosis of MIOP confirmed after presenting thrombocytopenia and visceromegaly. He was the first child of non-consanguineous parents, and among the findings, he presented severe hepatosplenomegaly, thrombocytopenia, and anemia; visual and hearing impairment, and repeated infections. The diagnosis was confirmed by genetic study, which identified two heterozygous mutations in the TCIRG1 gene. Hematopoietic stem cells were transplanted without hematological recovery. The patient died due to occlusive venous disease. DISCUSSION: MIOP is a rare, severe, and early-onset disease, with a high rate of suspicion necessary in the presence of hepatosplenomegaly and bone marrow failure. Early diagnosis and hematopoietic stem cells transplanta tion are the only potentially therapeutic interventions of this lethal entity.

Utilidad de la mamografía con contraste en el diagnóstico del cáncer de mama. Nuestra experiencia y revisión de la literatura / Use of Contrast Mammography in The Diagnosis of Breast Cancer. Our Experience and Literature Review

La mamografía, como método de tamizaje, ha demostrado disminuir la mortalidad al detectar de manera temprana el cáncer de mama; sin embargo, en mamas muy densas se dificulta la detección, por lo que se han venido generando nuevos métodos de tamizaje y diagnóstico. La mamografía con contraste espectral (CESM) es uno de estos métodos que, con la utilización de medio de contraste, facilita la detección de lesiones sospechosas. Será tema de revisión de este artículo su técnica e historia, repasando su comparación con la mamografía convencional y con una serie de casos se expondrán sus indicaciones, ventajas y desventajas.

Mammography as a screening method has been shown to reduce mortality by early detection of breast cancer; however, in very dense breasts it is difficult to detect, so new methods of screening and diagnosis have been devised. Contrast enhanced spectral contrast mammography (CESM) is one of these methods that, with the use of contrast medium, facilitates the detection of suspicious lesions. We will briefly discuss the CESM technique and history, review its comparison with conventional mammography, and with a series of cases we will discuss its indications, advantages and disadvantages.

Hemorragia gastrointestinal en paciente con púrpura de Schönlein-Henoch / Gastrointestinal bleeding in a Schönlein-Henoch purpura patient

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Luteoma del embarazo. Reporte de caso / Luteoma of pregnancy. A case report

Luteoma of pregnancy is an infrequent non-neoplastic pathology of the ovary. It is usually an incidental finding during the evaluation of a pregnant patient in the third trimester or during a cesarean section. Occasionally, it may raise suspicion of cancer, resulting in unnecessary surgical resection of the ovary. We present the case of a 34-year-old woman who was in her third pregnancy and during the cesarean section, a 9 cm tumor of the right ovary was incidentally found and resected. The histological study was compatible with luteoma of pregnancy.

El luteoma del embarazo es una patología no neoplásica del ovario, de incidencia poco frecuente. Suele presentarse como hallazgo incidental durante la evaluación de una paciente embarazada en el tercer trimestre o en el momento del acto quirúrgico de una cesárea. En ocasiones, puede llevar a sospechar una neoplasia maligna, derivando así en una resección quirúrgica innecesaria del ovario. Presentamos el caso de una mujer de 34 años que cursaba su tercera gestación y a quien, durante la cesárea, se le halló una tumoración ovárica derecha de 9 cm de diámetro que fue resecada. El estudio histológico fue compatible con luteoma del embarazo.